STREAM
- directed by Greta Gerwig
- writed by Louisa May Alcott
- genre Drama
- USA
- Audience score 18711 Votes
- rating 8,7 of 10 Stars
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Little Women First volume of Little Women (1868) Author Louisa May Alcott Country United States Language English Series Little Women Genre Coming of age Bildungsroman Publisher Roberts Brothers Publication date 1868 (1st volume) 1869 (2nd volume) Media type Print Pages 759 Followed by Little Men Little Women is a novel by American author Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888) which was originally published in two volumes in 1868 and 1869. Alcott wrote the book over several months at the request of her publisher. [1] [2] Following the lives of the four March sisters—Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy—the novel details their passage from childhood to womanhood and is loosely based on the lives of the author and her three sisters. [3] [4]: 202 Scholars classify Little Women as an autobiographical or semi-autobiographical novel. [5] [6]: 12 Little Women was an immediate commercial and critical success, with readers demanding to know more about the characters. Alcott quickly completed a second volume (titled Good Wives in the United Kingdom, although this name originated from the publisher and not from Alcott). It was also successful. The two volumes were issued in 1880 as a single novel titled Little Women. [ citation needed] Alcott wrote two sequels to her popular work, both of which also featured the March sisters: Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Little Women differed notably from contemporary writings for children, especially girls. The novel addressed three major themes: "domesticity, work, and true love, all of them interdependent and each necessary to the achievement of its heroine's individual identity. " [7]: 200 Little Women "has been read as a romance or as a quest, or both. It has been read as a family drama that validates virtue over wealth, " but also "as a means of escaping that life by women who knew its gender constraints only too well. ” [8]: 34 According to Sarah Elbert, Alcott created a new form of literature, one that took elements from Romantic children's fiction and combined it with others from sentimental novels, resulting in a totally new format. Elbert argued that within Little Women can be found the first vision of the " All-American girl " and that her various aspects are embodied in the differing March sisters. [7]: 199 The book has frequently been adapted for stage and screen. Development history [ edit] In 1868, Thomas Niles, the publisher of Louisa May Alcott, recommended that she write a book about girls that would have widespread appeal. [4]: 2 At first she resisted, preferring to publish a collection of her short stories. Niles pressed her to write the girls' book first, and he was aided by her father Amos Bronson Alcott, who also urged her to do so. [4]: 207 Louisa confided to a friend, “I could not write a girl’s story knowing little about any but my own sisters and always preferring boys”, as quoted in Anne Boyd Rioux's Meg Jo Beth Amy, a condensed biographical account of Alcott's life and writing. In May 1868, Alcott wrote in her journal: "Niles, partner of Roberts, asked me to write a girl's book. I said I'd try. " [9]: 36 Alcott set her novel in an imaginary Orchard House modeled on her own residence of the same name, where she wrote the novel. [4]: xiii She later recalled that she did not think she could write a successful book for girls and did not enjoy writing it. [10]: 335- "I plod away, " she wrote in her diary, "although I don't enjoy this sort of things. " [9]: 37 By June, Alcott had sent the first dozen chapters to Niles, and both agreed these were dull. But Niles' niece Lillie Almy read them and said she enjoyed them. [10]: 335–336 The completed manuscript was shown to several girls, who agreed it was "splendid. ” Alcott wrote, "they are the best critics, so I should definitely be satisfied. " [9]: 37 She wrote Little Women "in record time for money, " [7]: 196x2 but the book's immediate success surprised both her and her publisher. [11] Explanation of the novel's title [ edit] According to literary critic Sarah Elbert, when using the term "little women", Alcott was drawing on its Dickensian meaning; it represented the period in a young woman's life where childhood and elder childhood were "overlapping" with young womanhood. Each of the March sister heroines had a harrowing experience that alerted her and the reader that "childhood innocence" was of the past, and that "the inescapable woman problem" was all that remained. [7] [ page needed] Other views suggest that the title was meant to highlight the unfair social inferiority, especially at that time, of women as compared to men, or, alternatively, describe the lives of simple people, "unimportant" in the social sense. [12] Plot summary [ edit] Part one [ edit] Four teenaged sisters and their mother, whom they call Marmee, live in a new neighborhood (loosely based on Concord) in Massachusetts in genteel poverty. Having lost all his money, their father is acting as a pastor in the American Civil War, far from home. The women face their first Christmas without him. Meg and Jo March, the elder two, have to work in order to support the family: Meg teaches a nearby family of four children; Jo assists her aged great-aunt March, a wealthy widow living in a mansion, Plumfield. Beth, too timid for school, is content to stay at home and help with housework; Amy is still at school. Meg is beautiful and traditional, Jo is a tomboy who writes; Beth is a peacemaker and a pianist; Amy is an artist who longs for elegance and fine society. Jo is impulsive and quick to anger. One of her challenges is trying to control her anger, a challenge that her mother experiences. She advises Jo to speak with forethought before leaving to travel to Washington, where her husband has pneumonia. Their neighbor, Mr. Laurence, who is charmed by Beth, gives her a piano. Beth contracts scarlet fever after spending time with a poor family where three children die. Jo tends Beth in her illness. Beth recovers, but never fully. As a precaution, Amy is sent to live with Aunt March, replacing Jo, while Beth is ill and still infectious. Jo has success earning money with her writing. Meg spends two weeks with friends, where there are parties for the girls to dance with boys and improve their social skills. Theodore "Laurie" Laurence, Mr. Laurence's grandson, is invited to one of the dances, as Meg's friends incorrectly think she is in love with him. Meg is more interested in John Brooke, Laurie's young tutor. Brooke goes to Washington to help Mr. March. While with the March parents, Brooke confesses his love for Meg. They are pleased but consider Meg too young to be married. Brooke agrees to wait. He enlists and serves a year or so in the war. After he is wounded, he returns to find work so he can buy a house ready for when he marries Meg. Laurie goes off to college. On Christmas Day, a year after the book's opening, the girls' father returns from the war. Part two [ edit] (Published separately in the United Kingdom as Good Wives) Three years later, Meg and John marry and learn how to live together. When they have twins, Meg is a devoted mother but John begins to feel left out. Laurie graduates from college, having put in effort to do well in his last year with Jo's prompting. Amy goes on a European tour with her aunt. Beth's health is weak and her spirits are down. When trying to uncover the reason for Beth's sadness, Jo realizes that Laurie has fallen in love. At first she believes it's with Beth but soon senses it's with herself. Jo confides in Marmee, telling her that she loves Laurie but she loves him like a brother and that she could not love him in the romantic way. Jo decides she wants a bit of adventure and to put distance between herself and Laurie, hoping he will forget his feelings. She spends six months with a friend of her mother in New York City, serving as governess for her two children. The family runs a boarding house. She takes German lessons with Professor Bhaer, who lives in the house. He has come to America from Berlin to care for the orphaned sons of his sister. For extra money, Jo writes stories without a moral, which disappoints Bhaer. He persuades her to give up poorly written sensational stories as her time in New York comes to an end. When she returns, Laurie proposes marriage and she declines. Laurie travels to Europe with his grandfather to escape his heartbreak. At home, Beth's health has seriously deteriorated. Jo devotes her time to the care of her dying sister. Laurie encounters Amy in Europe, and he slowly falls in love with her as he begins to see her in a new light. She is unimpressed by the aimless, idle and forlorn attitude he has adopted since being rejected by Jo, and inspires him to find his purpose and do something worthwhile with his life. With the news of Beth's death, they meet for consolation and their romance grows. Amy's aunt will not allow Amy to return with just Laurie and his grandfather, so they marry before returning home from Europe. Professor Bhaer goes to the Marches' and stays for two weeks. On his last day, he proposes to Jo. Jo accepts. When Aunt March dies, she leaves Plumfield to Jo. Jo and Bhaer turn the house into a school for boys. They have two sons of their own, and Amy and Laurie have a daughter. At apple-picking time, Marmee celebrates her 60th birthday at Plumfield, with her husband, her three surviving daughters, their husbands, and her five grandchildren. Characters [ edit] Margaret "Meg" March [ edit] Meg, the eldest sister, is 16 when the story starts. She is referred to as a beauty and manages the household when her mother is absent. She is brown-haired and blue-eyed and has particularly beautiful hands. Meg fulfills expectations for women of the time; from the start, she is already a nearly perfect "little woman" in the eyes of the world. [13] Before her marriage to John Brooke, while still living at home, she often lectures her younger sisters to ensure they grow to embody the title of "little women". [14] Meg is employed as a governess for the Kings, a wealthy local family. Because of their father's family's social standing, Meg makes her debut into high society, but is lectured by her friend and neighbor, Theodore "Laurie" Laurence, for behaving like a snob. Meg marries John Brooke, Laurie's tutor. They have twins, Margaret "Daisy" Brooke and John "Demi" Brooke. The sequel, Little Men, mentions a baby daughter, Josephine "Josy" Brooke, [15] who is 14 at the beginning of the final book. [16] Critics have portrayed Meg as lacking in independence, reliant entirely on her husband, and "isolated in her little cottage with two small children". [7]: 204 From this perspective, Meg is seen as the compliant daughter who does not "attain Alcott's ideal womanhood" of equality. According to Sarah Elbert, "democratic domesticity requires maturity, strength, and above all a secure identity that Meg lacks". [7]: 204 Others believe that Alcott does not intend to belittle Meg for her ordinary life, and portrays her in loving detail, suffused in a sentimental light. [17] Josephine "Jo" March [ edit] The principal character, Jo, 15 years old at the beginning of the book, is a strong and willful young woman, struggling to subdue her fiery temper and stubborn personality. [18] [19] The second oldest of four sisters, Josephine March is the boyish one; her father has referred to her as his "son Jo, " and her best friend and neighbor, Theodore "Laurie" Laurence, sometimes calls her "my dear fellow, " while she alone calls him Teddy. Jo has a "hot" temper that often leads her into trouble. With the help of her own misguided sense of humor, her sister Beth, and her mother, she works on controlling it. It has been said that much of Louisa May Alcott shows through in these characteristics of Jo. [20] Jo loves literature, both reading and writing. She composes plays for her sisters to perform and writes short stories. She initially rejects the idea of marriage and romance, feeling that it would break up her family and separate her from the sisters whom she adores. While pursuing a literary career in New York City, she meets Friedrich Bhaer, a German professor. On her return home, Jo rejects Laurie's marriage proposal, confirming her independence. After Beth dies, Professor Bhaer woos Jo at her home, when "They decide to share life's burdens just as they shared the load of bundles on their shopping expedition. " [7]: 210 She is 25 years old when she accepts his proposal. The marriage is deferred until her unexpected inheritance of her Aunt March's home a year later. According to critic Barbara Sicherman, "The crucial first point is that the choice is hers, its quirkiness another sign of her much-prized individuality. " [8]: 21 They have two sons, Robin "Rob" Bhaer and Theodore "Teddy" Bhaer. Jo also writes the first part of Little Women during the second portion of the novel. According to Elbert, "her narration signals a successfully completed adolescence". [7]: 199 Jo is speculated by some to be aromantic, telling Laurie that she will not marry and later expressing that she will not love any man in the way she is expected to by her friends and family. Alcott expressed frustration that so many fans wanted to see Jo wed but ultimately married her off to Bhaer (with Jo reluctantly chasing after him) as, during this time period, women were expected to marry and the book would not have sold well otherwise (as shown in the 2019 movie adaptation with the book only being published once Jo was married). In the 2019 movie adaptation Greta Gerwig makes it clear that Jo was not intended to marry. Elizabeth "Beth" March [ edit] Beth, 13 when the story starts, is described as kind, gentle, sweet, shy, quiet and musical. She is the shyest March sister. [21]: 53 Infused with quiet wisdom, she is the peacemaker of the family and gently scolds her sisters when they argue. [22] As her sisters grow up, they begin to leave home, but Beth has no desire to leave her house or family. She is especially close to Jo: when Beth develops scarlet fever after visiting the Hummels, Jo does most of the nursing and rarely leaves her side. Beth recovers from the acute disease but her health is permanently weakened. As she grows, Beth begins to realize that her time with her loved ones is coming to an end. Finally, the family accepts that Beth will not live much longer. They make a special room for her, filled with all the things she loves best: her kittens, her piano, Father's books, Amy's sketches, and her beloved dolls. She is never idle; she knits and sews things for the children who pass by on their way to and from school. But eventually she puts down her sewing needle, saying it grew "heavy. " Beth's final sickness has a strong effect on her sisters, especially Jo, who resolves to live her life with more consideration and care for everyone. The main loss during Little Women is the death of beloved Beth. Her "self-sacrifice" is ultimately the greatest in the novel. She gives up her life knowing that it has had only private, domestic meaning. " [7]: 206–207 Amy Curtis March [ edit] Amy is the youngest sister and baby of the family, aged 12 when the story begins. Interested in art, she is described as a "regular snow-maiden" with curly golden hair and blue eyes, "pale and slender" and "always carrying herself" like a proper young lady. She is the artist of the family. [23] Often coddled because she is the youngest, Amy can behave in a vain and self-centered way. [24]: 5 She has the middle name Curtis, and is the only March sister to use her full name rather than a diminutive. [25] She is chosen by her aunt to travel in Europe with her, where she grows and makes a decision about the level of her artistic talent and how to direct her adult life. She encounters "Laurie" Laurence and his grandfather during the extended visit. Amy is the least inclined of the sisters to sacrifice and self-denial. She behaves well in good society, at ease with herself. Critic Martha Saxton observes the author was never fully at ease with Amy's moral development and her success in life seemed relatively accidental. [24] However, Amy's morality does appear to develop throughout her adolescence and early adulthood, and she is able to confidently and justly put Laurie in his place when she believes he is wasting his life on pleasurable activities. Ultimately, Amy is shown to work very hard to gain what she wants in life, and to make the most of her success while she has it. Due to her early selfishness (when her friends knew she would not share any pickled lime) and attachment to material things, Amy has been described as the least likable of the four sisters, but she is also the only one who strives to excel at art purely for self-expression, in contrast to Jo, who sometimes writes for financial gain. [26] Additional characters [ edit] Margaret "Marmee" March – The girls' mother and head of household while her husband is away. She engages in charitable works and lovingly guides her girls' morals and their characters. She once confesses to Jo that her temper is as volatile as Jo's, but that she has learned to control it. [27]: 130 Somewhat modeled after the author's own mother, she is the focus around which the girls' lives unfold as they grow. [27]: 2 Robert March – Formerly wealthy, the father is portrayed as having helped a friend who could not repay a debt, resulting in his family's genteel poverty. A scholar and a minister, he serves as a chaplain in the Union Army during the Civil War and is wounded in December 1862. After the war he becomes minister to a small congregation. Professor Friedrich Bhaer – A middle-aged, "philosophically inclined", and penniless German immigrant in New York City who had been a noted professor in Berlin. Also known as Fritz, he initially lives in Mrs. Kirke's boarding house and works as a language master. [21]: 61 He and Jo become friends, and he critiques her writing. He encourages her to become a serious writer instead of writing sensational stories for weekly tabloids. "Bhaer has all the qualities Bronson Alcott lacked: warmth, intimacy, and a tender capacity for expressing his affection—the feminine attributes Alcott admired and hoped men could acquire in a rational, feminist world. " [7]: 210 They eventually marry and raise his two orphaned nephews, Franz and Emil, and their own sons, Rob and Teddy. [28] Robin and Theodore Bhaer ("Rob" and "Teddy") – Jo's and Fritz's sons, introduced in the final pages of the novel, named after the March girls' father and Laurie. John Brooke – During his employment as a tutor to Laurie, he falls in love with Meg. He accompanies Mrs. March to Washington D. C. when her husband is ill with pneumonia. When Laurie leaves for college, Brooke continues his employment with Mr. Laurence as a bookkeeper. When Aunt March overhears Meg rejecting John's declaration of love, she threatens Meg with disinheritance because she suspects that Brooke is only interested in Meg's future prospects. Eventually, Meg admits her feelings to Brooke, they defy Aunt March (who ends up accepting the marriage), and they are engaged. Brooke serves in the Union Army for a year and is sent home as an invalid when he is wounded. Brooke marries Meg a few years later when the war has ended and she has turned twenty. Brooke was modeled after John Bridge Pratt, her sister Anna's husband. [29] Margaret and John Laurence Brooke ("Daisy" and "Demijohn/Demi") – Meg's twin son and daughter. Daisy is named after both Meg and Marmee, while Demi is named for John and the Laurence family. Josephine Brooke ("Josy" or "Josie") – Meg's youngest child, named after Jo. She develops a passion for acting as she grows up. Uncle and Aunt Carrol – Sister and brother-in-law of Mr. They take Amy to Europe with them, where Uncle Carrol frequently tries to be like an English gentleman. Florence "Flo" Carrol – Amy's cousin, daughter of Aunt and Uncle Carrol, and companion in Europe. May and Mrs. Chester – A well-to-do family with whom the Marches are acquainted. May Chester is a girl about Amy's age, who is rich and jealous of Amy's popularity and talent. Miss Crocker – An old and poor spinster who likes to gossip and who has few friends. Mr. Dashwood – Publisher and editor of the Weekly Volcano. Mr. Davis – The schoolteacher at Amy's school. He punishes Amy for bringing pickled limes to school by striking her palm and making her stand on a platform in front of the class. She is withdrawn from the school by her mother. Estelle "Esther" Valnor – A French woman employed as a servant for Aunt March who befriends Amy. The Gardiners – Wealthy friends of Meg's. Daughter Sallie Gardiner later marries Ned Moffat. The Hummels – A poor German family consisting of a widowed mother and six children. Marmee and the girls help them by bringing food, firewood, blankets, and other comforts. They help with minor repairs to their small dwelling. Three of the children die of scarlet fever and Beth contracts the disease while caring for them. The eldest daughter, Lottchen "Lotty" Hummel, later works as a matron at Jo's school at Plumfield The Kings – A wealthy family with four children for whom Meg works as a governess. The Kirkes – Mrs. Kirke is a friend of Mrs. March's who runs a boarding house in New York. She employs Jo as governess to her two daughters, Kitty and Minnie. The Lambs – A well-off family with whom the Marches are acquainted. James Laurence – Laurie's grandfather and a wealthy neighbor of the Marches. Lonely in his mansion, and often at odds with his high-spirited grandson, he finds comfort in becoming a benefactor to the Marches. He protects the March sisters while their parents are away. He was a friend to Mrs. March's father, and admires their charitable works. He develops a special, tender friendship with Beth, who reminds him of his late granddaughter. He gives Beth the girl's piano. Theodore "Laurie" Laurence – A rich young man who lives opposite the Marches, older than Jo but younger than Meg. Laurie is the "boy next door" to the March family and has an overprotective paternal grandfather, Mr. Laurence. After eloping with an Italian pianist, Laurie's father was disowned by his parents. Both Laurie's mother and father died young, so as a boy Laurie was taken in by his grandfather. Preparing to enter Harvard, Laurie is being tutored by John Brooke. He is described as attractive and charming, with black eyes, brown skin, and curly black hair. He later falls in love with Amy and they marry; they have one child, a little girl named after Beth: Elizabeth "Bess" Laurence. Sometimes Jo calls Laurie "Teddy". Though Alcott did not make Laurie as multidimensional as the female characters, she partly based him on Ladislas Wisniewski, a young Polish émigré she had befriended, and Alf Whitman, a friend from Lawrence, Kansas. [4]: 202 [6]: 241 [24]: 287 According to author and professor Jan Susina, the portrayal of Laurie is as "the fortunate outsider", observing Mrs. March and the March sisters. He agrees with Alcott that Laurie is not strongly developed as a character. [30] Elizabeth Laurence ("Bess") – The only daughter of Laurie and Amy, named for Beth. Like her mother, she develops a love for art as she grows up. Aunt Josephine March – Mr. March's aunt, a rich widow. Somewhat temperamental and prone to being judgmental, she disapproves of the family's poverty, their charitable work, and their general disregard for the more superficial aspects of society's ways. Her vociferous disapproval of Meg's impending engagement to the impoverished Mr. Brooke becomes the proverbial "last straw" that actually causes Meg to accept his proposal. She appears to be strict and cold, but deep down, she's really quite soft-hearted. She dies near the end of the first book, and Jo and Friedrich turn her estate into a school for boys. Annie Moffat – A fashionable and wealthy friend of Meg and Sallie Gardiner. Ned Moffat – Annie Moffat's brother, who marries Sallie Gardiner. Hannah Mullet – The March family maid and cook, their only servant. She is of Irish descent and very dear to the family. She is treated more like a member of the family than a servant. Miss Norton – A friendly, well-to-do tenant living in Mrs. Kirke's boarding house. She occasionally invites Jo to accompany her to lectures and concerts. Susie Perkins – A girl at Amy's school. The Scotts – Friends of Meg and John Brooke. John knows Mr. Scott from work. Tina – The young daughter of an employee of Mrs. Kirke. Tina loves Mr. Bhaer and treats him like a father. The Vaughans – English friends of Laurie's who come to visit him. Kate is the oldest of the Vaughan siblings, and prim and proper Grace is the youngest. The middle siblings, Fred and Frank, are twins; Frank is the younger twin. Fred Vaughan – A Harvard friend of Laurie's who, in Europe, courts Amy. Rivalry with the much richer Fred for Amy's love inspires the dissipated Laurie to pull himself together and become more worthy of her. Amy will eventually reject Fred, knowing she does not love him and deciding not to marry out of ambition. [31] Frank Vaughan – Fred's twin brother, mentioned a few times in the novel. When Fred and Amy are both traveling in Europe, Fred leaves because he hears his twin is ill. Inspiration [ edit] The attic at Fruitlands where Alcott lived and acted out plays at 11 years old. Note that the ceiling area is around 4 feet high For her books, Alcott was often inspired by familiar elements. The characters in Little Women are recognizably drawn from family members and friends. [3] [4]: 202 Her married sister Anna was Meg, the family beauty. Lizzie, Alcott's beloved sister who died at the age of twenty-three, was the model for Beth, and May, Alcott's strong-willed sister, was portrayed as Amy, whose pretentious affectations cause her occasional downfalls. [4]: 202 Alcott portrayed herself as Jo. Alcott readily corresponded with readers who addressed her as "Miss March" or "Jo", and she did not correct them. [32] [33]: 31 However, Alcott's portrayal, even if inspired by her family, is an idealized one. For instance, Mr. March is portrayed as a hero of the American Civil War, a gainfully employed chaplain, and, presumably, a source of inspiration to the women of the family. He is absent for most of the novel. [33]: 51 In contrast, Bronson Alcott was very present in his family's household, due in part to his inability to find steady work. While he espoused many of the educational principles touted by the March family, he was loud and dictatorial. His lack of financial independence was a source of humiliation to his wife and daughters. [33]: 51 The March family is portrayed living in genteel penury, but the Alcott family, dependent on an improvident, impractical father, suffered real poverty and occasional hunger. [34] In addition to her own childhood and that of her sisters, scholars who have examined the diaries of Louisa Alcott's mother, Abigail Alcott, have surmised that Little Women was also heavily inspired by Abigail Alcott's own early life. [27]: 6 Publication history [ edit] The first volume of Little Women was published in 1868 by Roberts Brothers. [35] The first printing of 2, 000 copies sold out quickly, and the company had trouble keeping up with demand for additional printings. They announced: "The great literary hit of the season is undoubtedly Miss Alcott's Little Women, the orders for which continue to flow in upon us to such an extent as to make it impossible to answer them with promptness. " [9]: 37 The last line of Chapter 23 in the first volume is "So the curtain falls upon Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. Whether it ever rises again, depends upon the reception given the first act of the domestic drama called Little Women. " [36] Alcott delivered the manuscript for the second volume on New Year's Day 1869, just three months after publication of part one. [10]: 345 Versions in the late 20th and 21st centuries combine both portions into one book, under the title Little Women, with the later-written portion marked as Part 2, as this Bantam Classic paperback edition, initially published in 1983 typifies. [37] There are 23 chapters in Part 1 and 47 chapters in the complete book. Each chapter is numbered and has a title as well. Part 2, Chapter 24 opens with "In order that we may start afresh and go to Meg's wedding with free minds, it will be well to begin with a little gossip about the Marches. " [36] Editions published in the 21st century may be the original text unaltered, the original text with illustrations, the original text annotated for the reader (explaining terms of 1868–69 that are less common now), the original text modernized and abridged, or the original text abridged. [38] The British influence, giving Part 2 its own title, Good Wives, has the book still published in two volumes, with Good Wives beginning three years after Little Women ends, especially in the UK and Canada, but also with some US editions. Some editions listed under Little Women appear to include both parts, especially in the audio book versions. [38] Editions are shown in continuous print from many publishers, as hardback, paperback, audio, and e-book versions, from the 1980s to 2015. [38] [39] This split of the two volumes also shows at Goodreads, which refers to the books as the Little Women series, including Little Women, Good Wives, Little Men and Jo's Boys. [40] Reception [ edit] G. K. Chesterton notes that in Little Women, Alcott "anticipated realism by twenty or thirty years", and that Fritz's proposal to Jo, and her acceptance, "is one of the really human things in human literature. " [41] Gregory S. Jackson said that Alcott's use of realism belongs to the American Protestant pedagogical tradition, which includes a range of religious literary traditions with which Alcott was familiar. He has copies in his book of nineteenth-century images of devotional children's guides which provide background for the game of "pilgrims progress" that Alcott uses in her plot of Book One. [42] Little Women was well received upon first publication. According to 21st-century critic Barbara Sicherman there was, during the 19th century, a "scarcity of models for nontraditional womanhood", which led more women to look toward "literature for self-authorization. This is especially true during adolescence. " [8]: 2 Little Women became "the paradigmatic text for young women of the era and one in which family literary culture is prominently featured. " [8]: 3 Adult elements of women's fiction in Little Women included "a change of heart necessary" for the female protagonist to evolve in the story. [7]: 199 In the late 20th century some scholars criticized the novel. Sarah Elbert, for instance, wrote that Little Women was the beginning of "a decline in the radical power of women's fiction", partly because women's fiction was being idealized with a "hearth and home" children's story. [7]: 197 Women's literature historians and juvenile fiction historians have agreed that Little Women was the beginning of this "downward spiral". But Elbert says that Little Women did not "belittle women's fiction" and that Alcott stayed true to her "Romantic birthright". [7]: 198–199 Little Women' s popular audience was responsive to ideas of social change as they were shown "within the familiar construct of domesticity". [7]: 220 While Alcott had been commissioned to "write a story for girls", her primary heroine, Jo March, became a favorite of many different women, including educated women writers through the 20th century. The girl story became a "new publishing category with a domestic focus that paralleled boys' adventure stories". [8]: 3–4 One reason the novel was so popular was that it appealed to different classes of women along with those of different national backgrounds, at a time of high immigration to the United States. Through the March sisters, women could relate and dream where they may not have before. [8]: 3–4 "Both the passion Little Women has engendered in diverse readers and its ability to survive its era and transcend its genre point to a text of unusual permeability. " [8]: 35 At the time, young girls perceived that marriage was their end goal. After the publication of the first volume, many girls wrote to Alcott asking her "who the little women marry". [8]: 21 The unresolved ending added to the popularity of Little Women. Sicherman said that the unsatisfying ending worked to "keep the story alive" as if the reader might find it ended differently upon different readings. [8]: 21 "Alcott particularly battled the conventional marriage plot in writing Little Women. " [43] Alcott did not have Jo accept Laurie's hand in marriage; rather, when she arranged for Jo to marry, she portrayed an unconventional man as her husband. Alcott used Friedrich to "subvert adolescent romantic ideals" because he was much older and seemingly unsuited for Jo. [8]: 21 (Jo is speculated by some to be aromantic, telling Laurie that she will not marry and later expressing that she will not love any man in the way she is expected to by her friends and family. In the 2019 movie adaptation Greta Gerwig makes it clear that Jo was not intended to marry. Other common speculations include that Jo is: - Lesbian - Transgender) () In 2003 Little Women was ranked number 18 in The Big Read, a survey of the British public by the BBC to determine the "Nation's Best-loved Novel" (not children's novel); it is fourth-highest among novels published in the U. S. on that list. [44] Based on a 2007 online poll, the U. National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". [45] In 2012 it was ranked number 48 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily US audience. [46] Influence [ edit] Little Women has been one of the most widely read novels, noted by Stern from a 1927 report in the New York Times and cited in Little Women and the Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays. [47] Ruth MacDonald argued that "Louisa May Alcott stands as one of the great American practitioners of the girls' novel and the family story. " [48] In the 1860s, gendered separation of children's fiction was a newer division in literature. This division signaled a beginning of polarization of gender roles as social constructs "as class stratification increased". [8]: 18 Joy Kasson wrote, "Alcott chronicled the coming of age of young girls, their struggles with issues such as selfishness and generosity, the nature of individual integrity, and, above all, the question of their place in the world around them. " [49] Girls related to the March sisters in Little Women, along with following the lead of their heroines, by assimilating aspects of the story into their own lives. [8]: 22 After reading Little Women, some women felt the need to "acquire new and more public identities", however dependent on other factors such as financial resources. [8]: 55 While Little Women showed regular lives of American middle-class girls, it also "legitimized" their dreams to do something different and allowed them to consider the possibilities. [8]: 36 More young women started writing stories that had adventurous plots and "stories of individual achievement—traditionally coded male—challenged women's socialization into domesticity. " [8]: 55 Little Women also influenced contemporary European immigrants to the United States who wanted to assimilate into middle-class culture. In the pages of Little Women, young and adolescent girls read the normalization of ambitious women. This provided an alternative to the previously normalized gender roles. [8]: 35 Little Women repeatedly reinforced the importance of "individuality" and "female vocation". [8]: 26 Little Women had "continued relevance of its subject" and "its longevity points as well to surprising continuities in gender norms from the 1860s at least through the 1960s. " [8]: 35 Those interested in domestic reform could look to the pages of Little Women to see how a "democratic household" would operate. [7]: 276 While "Alcott never questioned the value of domesticity", she challenged the social constructs that made spinsters obscure and fringe members of society solely because they were not married. [7]: 193 " Little Women indisputably enlarges the myth of American womanhood by insisting that the home and the women's sphere cherish individuality and thus produce young adults who can make their way in the world while preserving a critical distance from its social arrangements. " As with all youth, the March girls had to grow up. These sisters, and in particular Jo, were apprehensive about adulthood because they were afraid that, by conforming to what society wanted, they would lose their special individuality. [7]: 199 Alcott's Jo also made professional writing imaginable for generations of women. Writers as diverse as Maxine Hong Kingston, Margaret Atwood, and J. Rowling have noted the influence of Jo March on their artistic development. Even other fictional portraits of young women aspiring to authorship often reference Jo March. [50] Alcott "made women's rights integral to her stories, and above all to Little Women. " [7]: 193 Alcott's fiction became her "most important feminist contribution"—even considering all the effort Alcott made to help facilitate women's rights. " [7]: 193 She thought that "a democratic household could evolve into a feminist society". In Little Women, she imagined that just such an evolution might begin with Plumfield, a nineteenth century feminist utopia. [7]: 194 Little Women has a timeless resonance which reflects Alcott's grasp of her historical framework in the 1860s. The novel's ideas do not intrude themselves upon the reader because the author is wholly in control of the implications of her imaginative structure. Sexual equality is the salvation of marriage and the family; democratic relationships make happy endings. This is the unifying imaginative frame of Little Women. [7]: 276 Adaptations [ edit] Stage [ edit] Scene from the 1912 Broadway production of Little Women, adapted by Marian de Forest Katharine Cornell became a star in the 1919 London production of de Forest's adaptation of Little Women Marian de Forest adapted Little Women for the Broadway stage in 1912. [51] The 1919 London production made a star of Katharine Cornell, who played the role of Jo. [52] A one-act stage version, written by Gerald P. Murphy in 2009, [53] has been produced in the US, UK, Italy, Australia, Ireland, and Singapore. [ citation needed] Myriad Theatre & Film adapted the novel as a full-length play which was staged in London and Essex in 2011. [54] Marisha Chamberlain [55] [56] and June Lowery [57] have both adapted the novel as a full-length play; the latter play was staged in Luxembourg in 2014. Isabella Russell-Ides created two stage adaptations. Her Little Women featured an appearance by author, Louisa May Alcott. Jo & Louisa features a rousing confrontation between the unhappy character, Jo March, who wants rewrites from her author. [58] [59] A new adaptation by award-winning playwright Kate Hamill had its world premiere in 2018 at the Jungle Theater in Minneapolis, followed by a New York premiere in 2019 at Primary Stages directed by Sarna Lapine. [60] Film [ edit] Little Women has been adapted to film seven times. The first adaptation was a silent film directed by Alexander Butler and released in 1917, which starred Daisy Burrell as Amy, Mary Lincoln as Meg, Ruby Miller as Jo, and Muriel Myers as Beth. It is considered a lost film. Another silent film adaptation was released in 1918 and directed by Harley Knoles. It starred Isabel Lamon as Meg, Dorothy Bernard as Jo, Lillian Hall as Beth, and Florence Flinn as Amy. George Cukor directed the first sound adaptation of Little Women, starring Katharine Hepburn as Jo, Joan Bennett as Amy, Frances Dee as Meg, and Jean Parker as Beth. The film was released in 1933 and followed by an adaptation of Little Men the year after. The first color adaptation starred June Allyson as Jo, Margaret O'Brien as Beth, Elizabeth Taylor as Amy, and Janet Leigh as Meg. Directed by Mervyn LeRoy, it was released in 1949. Gillian Armstrong directed a 1994 adaptation, which starred Winona Ryder as Jo, Trini Alvarado as Meg, Samantha Mathis and Kirsten Dunst as Amy, and Claire Danes as Beth. [61] The film received three Academy Award nominations, including Best Actress for Ryder. A contemporary film adaptation [62] was released in 2018 to mark the 150th anniversary of the novel. [63] It was directed by Clare Niederpruem in her directorial debut and starred Sarah Davenport as Jo, Allie Jennings as Beth, Melanie Stone as Meg, and Elise Jones and Taylor Murphy as Amy. [63] A 2019 adaptation directed by Greta Gerwig starred Saoirse Ronan as Jo, Emma Watson as Meg, Florence Pugh as Amy, and Eliza Scanlen as Beth. [64] Television [ edit] Little Women was adapted into a television musical, in 1958, by composer Richard Adler for CBS. [65] Little Women has been made into a serial four times by the BBC: in 1950 (when it was shown live), in 1958, in 1970, [66] and in 2017. [67] The 3-episode 2017 series development was supported by PBS, and was aired as part of the PBS Masterpiece anthology in 2018. Universal Television produced a two-part miniseries based on the novel, which aired on NBC in 1978. It was followed by a 1979 series. In the 1980s, two anime series were made in Japan, Little Women in 1981 and Tales of Little Women in 1987. Both anime series were dubbed in English and shown on American television. In 2012, Lifetime aired The March Sisters at Christmas (directed by John Simpson), a contemporary television film focusing on the title characters' efforts to save their family home from being sold. [68] It is usually rebroadcast on the channel each holiday season. [69] A 2018 adaption is that of Manor Rama Pictures LLP of Karan Raj Kohli & Viraj Kapur which streams on the ALTBalaji app in India. The web series is called Haq Se. Set in Kashmir, the series is a modern-day Indian adaptation of the book. Musicals and opera [ edit] The novel was adapted to a musical of the same name and debuted on Broadway at the Virginia Theatre on January 23, 2005 and closed on May 22, 2005 after 137 performances. A production was also staged in Sydney, Australia in 2008. [70] The Houston Grand Opera commissioned and performed Little Women in 1998. The opera was aired on television by PBS in 2001 and has been staged by other opera companies since the premiere. [71] There is a Canadian musical version, with book by Nancy Early and music and lyrics by Jim Betts, which has been produced at several regional theatres in Canada. There was another musical version, entitled "Jo", with music by William Dyer and book and lyrics by Don Parks & William Dyer, which was produced off-Broadway at the Orpheum Theatre. It ran for 63 performances from February 12, 1964, to April 5, 1964. It featured Karin Wolfe (Jo), Susan Browning (Meg), Judith McCauley (Beth), April Shawhan (Amy), Don Stewart (Laurie), Joy Hodges (Marmee), Lowell Harris (John Brooke) and Mimi Randolph (Aunt March). Audio drama [ edit] A radio play starring Katharine Hepburn as Jo was made to accompany the 1933 film. Grand Audiobooks hold the current copyright. A dramatized version, produced by Focus on the Family Radio Theatre, [72] was released on September 4, 2012. See also [ edit] Hillside (later renamed The Wayside), the Alcott family home (1845–1848) and real-life setting for some of the book's scenes Orchard House, the Alcott family home (1858–1877) and site where the book was written; adjacent to The Wayside References [ edit] ^ Longest, David (1998). Little Women of Orchard House: A Full-length Play. Dramatic Publishing. p. 115. ISBN 9780871298577. ^ Sparknotes: literature. Spark Educational Publishing. 2004. p. 465. ISBN 9781411400269. ^ a b Alberghene, Janice (1999). Alberghene, Janice M. and Clark, Beverly Lyon (eds. ). Autobiography and the Boundaries of Interpretation on Reading Little Women and the Living is Easy. Little Women and the Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays. Psychology Press. p. 355. ISBN 9780815320494. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ a b c d e f g Cheever, Susan (2011). Louisa May Alcott: A Personal Biography. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1416569923. ^ Cullen Sizer, Lyde (2000). The Political Work of Northern Women Writers and the Civil War, 1850–1872. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780807860984. ^ a b Reisen, Harriet (2010). Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312658878. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Elbert, Sarah (1987). A Hunger for Home: Louisa May Alcott's Place in American Culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1199-2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Sicherman, Barbara (2010). Well Read Lives: How Books Inspired A Generation of American Women. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3308-7. ^ a b c d Author Madison, Charles A. (1974). Irving to Irving: Author-Publisher Relations 1800–1974. New York: R. R. Bowker Company. ISBN 0-8352-0772-2. ^ a b c Matteson, John (2007). Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33359-6. ^ Smith, David E. James, Edward T. (ed. "Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1". Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1. Harvard University Press: 29. ISBN 9780674627345. ^ Alcott, Louisa May (2010). "Foreword". Little Women. Collins Classics. HarperCollins UK. p. vi. ISBN 9780007382644. ^ Hermeling, Ines (2010). The Image of Society and Women in Louisa May Alcott's "Little Women". GRIN Verlag. p. 8. ISBN 9783640591220. ^ Caspi, Jonathan (2010). Sibling Development: Implications for Mental Health Practitioners. Springer Publishing Company. p. 147. ISBN 9780826117533. ^ Alcott, Louisa May. Little Men. p. Chapter 2. Baby Josy had a flannel petticoat beautifully made by Sister Daisy ^ Alcott, Louisa May. Jo's Boys. p. Chapter 1. ^ "Characters Margaret Meg March Meg the eldest sister is sixteen when the story".. Retrieved 2018-11-07. ^ Alcott, Louisa (August 1, 2013). search of mentions of Jo March. Simon and Schuster. ^ Acocella, Joan (2018-08-20). "How "Little Women" Got Big". ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-02-25. ^ "Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women, The Character of Jo March". American Masters. December 12, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2018. ^ a b Keith, Lois (2001). Take Up Thy Bed and Walk: Death, Disability and Cure in Classic Fiction for Girls. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415937405. ^ Apter, T. E. (2007). The Sister Knot: Why We Fight, why We're Jealous, and why We'll Love Each Other No Matter what. p. 137. ISBN 9780393060584. ^ Alcott, Louisa May (1880). Little Women: or, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: John Wilson and Son. Retrieved 2010-05-31. ^ a b c Saxton, Martha (1977). Louisa May Alcott: A Modern Biography. Macmillan. ^ Alcott, Louisa May (1880). Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy. p. 213. Retrieved May 13, 2015. ^ Hollander, Anne (2000). Feeding the Eye. University of California Press. p. 233. ISBN 0520226593. ^ a b c LaPlante, Eve (2013). Marmee & Louisa: The Untold Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Mother. ISBN 9781451620672. ^ Masse, Michelle (1999). "Songs to Aging Children: Alcott's March Trilogy". In Alberghene, Janice M. p. 338. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ Alcott, Louisa (2000). The Portable Louisa May Alcott. Penguin. p. 1854. ISBN 9781101177044. ^ Susina, Jan (1999). "Men and Little Women Notes of a Resisting (Male) Reader". pp. 161–70. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ Seelinger Trites, Roberta (2009). "Journeys with Little Women". In Betsy Gould Hearne, Roberta Seelinger Trites (eds. A Narrative Compass: Stories that Guide Women's Lives. University of Illinois Press. p. 15. ISBN 0252076117. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ Sicherman, Barbara (1995). "Reading Little Women: The Many lives of a Text". In Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, Kathryn Kish Sklar (eds. U. History as Women's History: New Feminist Essays. University of North Carolina Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780807866863. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ a b c Keyser, Elizabeth Lennox (2000). Little Women: A Family Romance. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820322803. ‘I am Jo, in the principal characteristics, not the good ones. ’ ^ "Alcott: 'Not The Little Woman You Thought She Was ' ". NPR. December 28, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2013. ^ Cheney, Ednah Dow, ed. (1889). Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters, and Journals. Boston: Applewood Books. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-4290-4460-8. ^ a b Alcott, Louisa May (August 19, 2010) [1868]. "Little Women". ProjectGutenberg. Retrieved April 9, 2015. ^ Alcott, Louisa May (April 1, 1983) [1868]. ISBN 978-0553212754. Retrieved March 27, 2015. ^ a b c Louisa May Alcott. "Little Women" (Part 1 ed. Fantastic Fiction. Retrieved March 27, 2015. ^ Louisa May Alcott. "Good Wives (Little Women) (1869)" (Part 2 ed. "Little Women series". Goodreads. Retrieved March 27, 2015. ^ Chesterton, G. (1953). "Louisa Alcott". A Handful of Authors. ^ Jackson, Gregory S. (2009). The Word and Its Witness: The Spiritualization of American Realism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 125–56. ISBN 978-0-226-39004-8. ^ Boyd, Anne E. (2004). Writing for Immortality: Women Writers and the Emergence of High Literary Culture in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-8018-7875-6. ^ "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003. Retrieved December 12, 2013. ^ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved August 22, 2012. ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". School Library Journal "A Fuse No. 8 Production" blog. Retrieved August 22, 2012. ^ Alberghese, Janice M. and Clark, Beverly Lyon, eds. (1999). "Little Women Leads Poll: Novel Rated Ahead of Bible for Influence on High School Pupils". p. xliv. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link) ^ MacDonald, Ruth M. (1983). Louisa May Alcott. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 95. ^ Alcott, Louisa May; Kasson, Joy S. (1994). "Introduction". Work: A Story of Experience. New York: Penguin Books. p. ix. ISBN 014039091X. ^ Isaac, Megan Lynn (2018). "A Character of One's Own: The Perils of Female Authorship in the Young Adult Novel from Alcott to Birdsall". Children's Literature. 46: 133–168 – via JSTOR. ^ "Little Women". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved December 28, 2018. ^ Cornell, Katharine (September 1938). "I Wanted to Be an Actress". Stage. New York City: Stage Magazine Company, Inc. p. 13. Retrieved December 28, 2018. ^ Murphy, Gerald P. Lazy Bee Scripts. Retrieved July 27, 2015. ^ Stephens, Connie (Winter 2011). Myriad Theatre & Film, bringing the classics to life. London, UK. Retrieved 14 May 2016. ^ "Little Women". Marisha Chamberlain. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ Chamberlain, Marisha. "Little Women (full length)".. Retrieved September 9, 2015. ^ Lowery, June (Fall 2014). "Little Women (Les Quatre Filles du Docteur March)". Berliner Grundtheater Group. Retrieved January 31, 2016. ^ Heimberg, Martha (2019-07-21). "TheaterJones | FIT Review: Jo & Louisa | Festival of Independent Theatres".. Retrieved 2019-09-26. ^ Jul 26; 2019 | 1 (2019-07-26). "Pitching another FIT". Dallas Voice. Retrieved 2019-09-26. ^ "Little Women, 2019 Season". Retrieved 24 October 2019. ^ 1994. "Little Women (1994) by IMDB".. Retrieved 2017-05-09. ^ "Casting Call". Little Women, a modern adaptation. Retrieved February 14, 2017. ^ a b Busch, Anita (April 27, 2017). "Lea Thompson To Star in New Feature Adaptation Of 'Little Women ' ".. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ Eldredge, Kristy (27 December 2019). "Opinion | Men Are Dismissing 'Little Women. ' What a Surprise". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ Mercer, Charles (September 21, 1958). "Beth Lives in TV musical of "Little Women " ". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 23, 2017. ^ Little Women (1970) on IMDb ^ Little Women (2017) on IMDb ^ "The March Sisters at Christmas TV Show". Retrieved April 16, 2016. ^ The March Sisters at Christmas on IMDb ^ Morgan, Clare (November 11, 2008). "Stakes are high for Kookaburra's sister act". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ Adamo, Mark (2007). Mark Adamo Online. Retrieved December 3, 2019. ^ "Little Women (Audio Drama) by Focus on the Family Radio Theatre on iTunes". iTunes. Retrieved 2015-11-16. External links [ edit] Little Women at Project Gutenberg Lesson plans for Little Women at Web English Teacher "Top 100 Children's Novels #25". School Library Journal Blog. Retrieved 2012-05-20. 1945 radio adaptation of novel at Theatre Guild on the Air at the Internet Archive Little Women public domain audiobook at LibriVox Rudin, Shai (2019). "The Hidden Feminist Agenda and Corresponding Edification in the Novel Little Women by Louisa May Alcott". Childhood, Vol. 3. pp. 115–132.
Little Women Theatrical release poster Directed by Greta Gerwig Produced by Amy Pascal Denise Di Novi Robin Swicord Screenplay by Greta Gerwig Based on Little Women by Louisa May Alcott Starring Saoirse Ronan Emma Watson Florence Pugh Eliza Scanlen Laura Dern Timothée Chalamet Meryl Streep Tracy Letts Bob Odenkirk James Norton Louis Garrel Chris Cooper Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Yorick Le Saux Edited by Nick Houy Production company Columbia Pictures Regency Enterprises Pascal Pictures Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date December 7, 2019 ( MoMA) December 25, 2019 (United States) Running time 135 minutes [1] Country United States Language English Budget $40 million [2] Box office $162. 9 million [3] [4] Little Women is a 2019 American coming-of-age period drama film written and directed by Greta Gerwig. It is the seventh film adaptation of the 1868 novel of the same name by Louisa May Alcott. The film stars Saoirse Ronan, Emma Watson, Florence Pugh, Eliza Scanlen, Laura Dern, Timothée Chalamet, Tracy Letts, Bob Odenkirk, James Norton, Louis Garrel, Chris Cooper, and Meryl Streep. Little Women had its world premiere at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on December 7, 2019, and was released theatrically in the United States on December 25, 2019, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received critical acclaim, and has grossed over $162 million worldwide. At the 92nd Academy Awards, it received six nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actress (Ronan), Best Supporting Actress (Pugh), and Best Adapted Screenplay. [5] It also received nominations for five British Academy Film Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. Plot [ edit] In 1868, Jo is a teacher in New York City. She goes to an editor, Mr. Dashwood, and gets a story published subject to considerable editing. Her sister Amy, in Paris with their Aunt March, sees childhood friend Laurie and invites him to a party. At the party, she is angry at his drunken behavior and he mocks her for spending time with rich businessman, Fred Vaughn. In New York, Jo meets with Friedrich Bhaer, a professor infatuated with her, and he constructively criticizes her work. Jo takes it personally and breaks their friendship off. Afterward, Jo gets a letter saying that her younger sister Beth has gotten sicker so she returns home. In 1861 in Concord, Massachusetts, Jo and her older sister Meg go to a party where Jo meets Laurie, the grandson of their neighbour Mr. Laurence. On Christmas morning, their mother "Marmee" persuades the girls to give their breakfast to their poor neighbour, Mrs. Hummel and her group of starving young children. Upon returning home, the girls see their table full of food, provided by Mr. Laurence, and a letter from their father fighting in the American Civil War. Jo visits their Aunt March, who invites Jo to Europe with her. During his Latin lesson, Laurie notices Amy standing outside, having been hit by her teacher for misbehaving in class, and invites her in before her family comes to take her home. When Meg, Jo, Laurie and John, Laurie's tutor and Meg's eventual husband, go out one night to the theatre, an angry and jealous Amy burns Jo's writings, upsetting Jo. Amy attempts to apologize but to no avail. The next morning Amy, wanting to make up with Jo, chases her onto a lake where Jo and Laurie are skating. The two skate over to save Amy when the ice breaks underneath her. That night, Jo expresses guilt over what happened to Amy. Mr. Laurence invites Beth to play the piano in his house, as she reminds him of his dead daughter. In the present, Laurie visits Amy to apologize for his behavior at the party. Later, he urges Amy not to marry Fred Vaughn, but to marry him instead. Amy is upset at being second for everything to Jo, including Laurie. Amy later turns down Fred's proposal only to learn that Laurie left for London. In the past, Marmee, the mother of the girls, is informed that their father is ill from the war. While Marmee is visiting their father, Beth is given the piano from Mr. Laurence, but contracts scarlet fever. Amy, who has not had the disease before, is sent to Aunt March. Marmee comes home early when Beth gets worse, but she recovers in time for Christmas, with their father returning home. However, in the present, Beth's condition later worsens and she soon dies. On Meg's wedding day Jo tries to convince her to run away, but Meg tells her she is happy getting married. Aunt March announces her trip to Europe, but decides to take Amy instead of Jo. After the wedding, Laurie admits his feelings for Jo, but she insists she does not feel the same way. In the present Marmee reveals a devastated Amy was returning home with a sick Aunt March. Jo wonders whether she was too quick in turning Laurie down and writes him a letter. On their way back, Amy tells Laurie she turned down Fred's proposal. The two kiss and later marry on the journey home. Returning home, Laurie catches up with Jo and they agree to just be friends. Outside, Jo throws away the letter she wrote for Laurie. The next day, Jo begins writing a novel based on the lives of her and her sisters. She sends the first chapters to Mr. Dashwood, who is unimpressed. Bhaer turns up at the March house on his way to California to teach. In New York, Mr. Dashwood's daughters find the chapters of Jo's book and ask how it ends. He agrees to publish the book, but finds it unacceptable that the main character was unmarried. Jo amends her ending so that the main character, herself, chases after Bhaer and stops him from going to California. She negotiates copyright and royalties with Mr. Dashwood. Later, Jo has inherited Aunt March's house and opened it as a school. Meg teaches acting and Amy teaches art to the schoolchildren. Bhaer is also shown teaching children at the school. Jo observes as printers print her book, titled Little Women. Cast [ edit] Production [ edit] Development [ edit] In October 2013, it was announced a new film adaption of Little Women was in development at Sony Pictures with Olivia Milch writing the script, and Robin Swicord and Denise Di Novi serving as producers. [6] In March 2015, Amy Pascal began developing the new adaptation, with Sarah Polley hired to write the script and potentially direct. [7] Despite reports, Polley's involvement never went beyond initial discussions. [8] In August 2016, Greta Gerwig was hired to write the script. [9] In June 2018, in light of her awards season success with Lady Bird, Gerwig was brought on as director. [10] [11] Casting [ edit] In June 2018, it was announced that Meryl Streep, Emma Stone, Saoirse Ronan, Timothée Chalamet, and Florence Pugh had been cast for the film in undisclosed roles. [10] [11] In July 2018, Eliza Scanlen joined the cast. [12] In August 2018, James Norton and Laura Dern joined the cast. [13] [14] Then in the same month, Stone dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with the press tour for The Favourite and Emma Watson was cast to replace her. [15] In September 2018, Louis Garrel, Bob Odenkirk and Chris Cooper joined the cast. [16] [17] [18] In October 2018, New Regency Pictures was announced as an additional financier on the film, and Abby Quinn joined the cast. [19] [20] Filming [ edit] Principal photography began on October 5, 2018, in Boston, Massachusetts. [21] Additional filming locations included Lancaster, Harvard and Concord, Massachusetts. [22] The Arnold Arboretum was used as a location to shoot a scene set in a 19th-century Paris park. [23] Filming wrapped up on December 15, 2018. [24] [25] Saoirse Ronan stated that, as previously done with Lady Bird, Gerwig banned cellphones on the set. [26] Music [ edit] On April 8, 2019, it was announced that Alexandre Desplat had been hired to compose the film's score. [27] Release [ edit] Little Women had its world premiere at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on December 7, 2019. [28] It also screened as the opening film of the Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival on December 9, 2019, [29] and was theatrically released in the United States on December 25, 2019 by Sony Pictures Releasing. [30] [31] Marketing [ edit] On December 13, 2018, Emma Watson posted a set photo on social media of her along with the writer-director of the film Greta Gerwig and co-stars Saoirse Ronan, Florence Pugh, Eliza Scanlen, and Timothée Chalamet. [32] Six days later, Watson posted another set photo of her along with Gerwig and co-star Laura Dern. [33] On June 19, 2019, Vanity Fair released the first stills from the film. [34] The official trailer for the film was released on August 13, 2019. [35] Reception [ edit] Box office [ edit] As of February 2, 2020, Little Women has grossed $98. 8 million in the United States and Canada, and $64. 1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $162. 9 million. [3] [4] In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Spies in Disguise and the expansion of Uncut Gems, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3, 308 over its five-day opening weekend. The film made $6. 4 million on Christmas Day and $6 million on its second day. [36] It went on to debut to $16. 8 million (a total of $29. 2 million over the five-day Christmas frame), finishing in fourth. [37] [38] In its second weekend the film made $13. 6 million, finishing third. [39] Critical response [ edit] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 351 reviews, with an average rating of 8. 59/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "With a stellar cast and a smart, sensitive retelling of its classic source material, Greta Gerwig's Little Women proves some stories truly are timeless. " [40] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 91 out of 100, based on 57 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". [41] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, and those at PostTrak gave it an average five out of five stars. [37] It was chosen by the American Film Institute and Time magazine as one of the top 10 films of 2019. [42] [43] Accolades [ edit] The film has received numerous accolades and nominations. At the 92nd Academy Awards, it received six nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress and Best Adapted Screenplay. [44] At the 25th Critics' Choice Awards, it received nine nominations, winning for Best Adapted Screenplay. [45] [46] The film also received five nominations at the 73rd British Academy Film Awards and two nominations at the 77th Golden Globe Awards, and was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year. [47] [48] [49] References [ edit] ^ " ' Little Women ' ". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved November 25, 2019. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (December 13, 2019). "The First Couple of Film: Greta Gerwig and Noah Baumbach Open Up on Their Personal and Professional Partnership". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019. ^ a b "Little Women (2019)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 2, 2020. ^ a b "Little Women (2019) – Financial Information". The Numbers. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. ^ "Oscars: Greta Gerwig's Adaptation Brings 'Little Women' Noms Tally to 14". Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ Kroll, Justin (October 18, 2013). "Sony Sets Up 'Little Women' Adaptation with Olivia Milch Writing (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ "Amy Pascal, Sarah Polley Team on 'Little Women' Remake at Sony". March 18, 2015. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018. ^ Whipp, Glenn (July 5, 2018). "Why it's a perfect time for Greta Gerwig's version of 'Little Women ' ". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019. ^ "Greta Gerwig Rewriting 'Little Women' Remake For Sony". Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018. ^ a b Kroll, Justin (June 29, 2018). "Greta Gerwig Eyes 'Little Women' With Meryl Streep, Emma Watson, Saoirse Ronan, Timothee Chalamet Circling". Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018. ^ a b N'Duka, Amanda (June 29, 2018). "Greta Gerwig To Helm 'Little Women' At Sony; Meryl Streep, Emma Stone, Timothée Chalamet, Saoirse Ronan In Talks". Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (July 24, 2018). " ' Little Women': 'Sharp Objects' Actress In Talks For The Role Of Beth March". Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (August 2, 2018). "Sony's 'Little Women' Adaptation Adds 'Flatliners' Actor James Norton". ^ "Laura Dern in Talks to Join Meryl Streep in 'Little Women ' ". Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ "Emma Watson Joins Greta Gerwig's Adaptation of 'Little Women ' ". August 24, 2018. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (September 5, 2018). "Louis Garrel Cast In 'Little Women' Movie At Sony". Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (September 24, 2018). " ' Better Call Saul's Bob Odenkirk Joins Greta Gerwig's 'Little Women' Remake". Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (September 28, 2018). "Oscar Winner Chris Cooper Boards Greta Gerwig's 'Little Women' Adaptation". Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ Jr, Mike Fleming (October 2, 2018). "New Regency Co-Finances Two Sony Films: 'Little Women' & 'Girl In The Spider's Web ' ". Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (October 3, 2018). "Sony Casts Abby Quinn In 'Little Women' As Filming Is Set To Begin This Month". Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018. ^ "Greta Gerwig's 'Little Women' Starring Emma Watson Production Start Bumped To Early October In Boston". GWW –. September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018. ^ " ' Little Women', starring Meryl Streep & Emma Watson, is set to film in Harvard, MA this week". October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018. ^ Blackwell, Deborah (November 1, 2018). "Harvard's Arnold Arboretum attracts 'Little Women' with Meryl Streep". Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018. ^ Miller, Julie (December 21, 2018). "Saoirse Ronan on 'Little Women' and What She Learned from Mary Queen of Scots". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 21, 2018. ^ Feinberg, Scott (April 18, 2019). "Greta Gerwig's 'Little Women' Won't Screen at Cannes". Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019. ^ "Saoirse Ronan Formed a Renaissance Version of the Spice Girls". Late Night with Seth Meyers. YouTube. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ "Alexandre Desplat to Score Greta Gerwig's 'Little Women' & Costa-Gavras' 'Adults in the Room ' ". Film Music Reporter. April 8, 2019. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2019. ^ " ' Little Women' Premiere". Average Socialite. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019. ^ " ' Little Women' to open Festival do Rio". Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival. Retrieved December 2, 2019. ^ "Quentin Tarantino's Manson Movie Shifts Off Sharon Tate Murder Anniversary Date". Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018. ^ Eldredge, Kristy (December 27, 2019). "Opinion | Men Are Dismissing 'Little Women. ' What a Surprise". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2019. ^ Rackham, Casey (December 14, 2018). "Here's The First 'Little Women' Cast Photo And It's Amazing". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2018. ^ Sharf, Zack (December 20, 2018). " ' Little Women' Behind the Scenes: Emma Watson Shares Intimate Look". IndieWire. Retrieved December 20, 2018. ^ Saraiya, Sonia (June 19, 2019). "Exclusive First Look: Greta Gerwig and Saoirse Ronan's 'Little Women ' ". Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019. ^ Beresford, Trilby (August 13, 2019). "Greta Gerwig's 'Little Women' Releases First Trailer". Retrieved August 13, 2019. ^ McClintock, Pamela (December 25, 2019). "Box Office: 'Star Wars: Rise of Skywalker' Unwraps Huge $32M on Christmas Day". Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019. ^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 28, 2019). " ' Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker' Chasing 'Last Jedi' With $76M 2nd Weekend; 'Little Women' Not So Tiny With $29M 5-Day". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019. ^ "Domestic 2019 Weekend 52". Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2020. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 5, 2020). " ' Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker' Dips To $34M+ Third Weekend; 'Grudge' Doesn't Scream With $11M+ & 'F' CinemaScore". Archived from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2020. ^ " ' Little Women' (2019)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019. ^ " ' Little Women' (2019) Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved December 25, 2019. ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (November 25, 2019). "The 10 Best Movies of 2019". Time. Archived from the original on November 25, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019. ^ "AFI Awards 2019 Honorees Announced". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019. ^ "Oscar Nominations 2020: The Complete List of Nominees". January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ "Critics' Choice: 'The Irishman, ' 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Lead Movie Nominations". Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (January 12, 2020). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' Wins Best Picture, Netflix And HBO Among Top Honorees – Full Winners List".. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (January 7, 2020). "BAFTA Film Awards Nominations: 'Joker', 'The Irishman', 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' Lead – Full List". Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020. ^ Nordike, Kimberly; Konerman, Kimberly; Howard, Annie (December 9, 2019). "Golden Globes: Full List of Nominations". Retrieved December 9, 2019. External links [ edit] Little Women on IMDb.
Having never read the book, seen the movie, nor watched the trailer until now: When I saw the 2019 trailer, I thought to myself Timothee Chalamet has the vibe of a young Christian Bale. Only to be dumbfounded that Christian Bale actually played the same character 25 years earlier in this movie. Emma's accent LOL.
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Who's here after watching the trailer for the 2019 version? 🙋♀️. Little Women Download torrents. 0:35 is it olivanders. Little women download torrent full. Little women download torrent software. Little women download torrent download. I watched this today - everything about it was insanely beautiful. Clever, sophisticated and clearly made with so much heart. Go and watch it. Me: clicks on little women trailer YouTube: ad is little women trailer. Wilson Webb Sony Pictures Greta Gerwig's 2019 version of the movie Little Women is the sixth adaption of the film, which is based on the novel by Louisa May Alcott. The five previous versions came out in 1917, 1918, 1933, 1949, and 1994 and starred famous actresses such as Katharine Hepburn and Winona Ryder. Each version of Little Women tells a slightly different story of the March sisters. Screenwriters have been translating Louisa May Alcott's beloved novel Little Women into feature films for more than 100 years. The iconic story follows the March sisters — Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy — as they grow up with their mother Marmee in Concord, Massachusetts. While their father is off fighting in the Civil War, the four girls are coming of age in a world where young women are meant to grow up, get married, and raise children. But Jo, who wants to be a writer, rejects the idea that her life should center around finding a man to marry. While Meg starts a family, Beth suffers from scarlet fever, and Amy goes to art school in Paris, Jo turns down a proposal from her dearest friend, Laurie, and instead pursues a writing career in New York City. There she meets another man, Professor Bhaer, who challenges her intellectually — and eventually, they get married and start a school together. Ever since director Greta Gerwig's version of the movie hit theaters last December, critics and fans alike have been abuzz about how she took the March sisters' story and so elegantly made it feel relevant and important in the present day. But the 2019 version of the film (which is up for six Academy Awards this Sunday) is far from the only book-to-movie adaptation of Little Women. Here, we take a look back at how the March sisters' story has evolved over the course of its six movie versions. 1917: Ruby Miller as Jo The first-ever movie version of Little Women was a silent film by British director Alexander Butler and was released in 1917, nearly 50 years after the book was originally published. This version starred "Gaiety girl" Ruby Miller as the principal character, but sadly, the film is considered to be "lost" today. 1918: Dorothy Bernard as Jo Just one year after the original book-to-movie adaptation, a remake of Little Women was released by Paramount Pictures. British director Harley Knoles spearheaded this second silent movie, which starred Dorothy Bernard as Jo. Like the version before it, the 1918 Little Women is considered to be lost. 1933: Katharine Hepburn as Jo Henry Guttmann Collection Getty Images In 1933, the first "talkie" version of Little Women was released, with Katharine Hepburn starring as Jo and Douglass Montgomery playing Laurie. Before Gillian Armstrong's take on the March sisters' story premiered in 1994, this version — directed by George Cukor — was widely considered a favorite and was nominated for three Oscars (including Best Picture). Also, because of the timing of the film's release, it was considered a sort of beacon of hope during the Depression Era. 1949: June Allyson as Jo Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer A fourth adaptation of Little Women arrived on the big screen in 1949, this time directed by Mervyn Leroy and starring June Allyson as Jo, Peter Lawford as Laurie, and a young Elizabeth Taylor as Amy. Despite the star-studded cast and modern Technicolor production, this version wasn't nearly as much of a hit as the Katharine Hepburn-led movie before it. 1994: Winona Ryder as Jo Columbia Pictures Forty-five years passed between the previous remake of Little Women and this one, which stars Winona Ryder as Jo, Christian Bale as Laurie, and Susan Sarandon as Marmee. But it might have been well worth the wait: Many critics have called this version the best of all time (though it seems to be a tough call between it and the 2019 adaptation). Notably, the 1994 movie version of Alcott's beloved novel was also the first to be directed by a woman, Gillian Armstrong. Winona also earned a Best Actress nomination at the Oscars for her performance. 2019: Saoirse Ronan as Jo The newest adaptation of Little Women — which stars Saoirse Ronan as Jo, Timothée Chalamet as Laurie, and Laura Dern as Marmee, among many others — has been applauded by many for taking Louisa May Alcott's iconic story and twisting it to fit modern-day ideas about women like we've never seen before. Director Greta Gerwig played with the timeline of the story, for example, making it less linear and instead switching between flashbacks and present-day scenes to create a greater emotional arc. She also made a slight change to the story's ending. Instead of Jo getting married to Professor Bhaer in real life (which is how the book ends), she actually remains single and childless, while the character in her book gets happily married. "I wanted to give Louisa May Alcott an ending she might have liked, " Gerwig recently told. For can't-miss news, expert beauty advice, genius home solutions, delicious recipes, and lots more, sign up for the Good Housekeeping newsletter. Subscribe Now Heather Finn Content Strategy Editor Heather Finn is the content strategy editor at Good Housekeeping, where she heads up the brand's social media strategy and covers entertainment news on everything from ABC's 'The Good Doctor' to Netflix's latest true crime documentaries.
About the Show 2018 Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy—there are few more iconic names in American literature. They are the March sisters of Concord, Massachusetts during the Civil War, created by Louisa May Alcott in her timeless novel Little Women brought to life in a MASTERPIECE/BBC coproduction. Heading the cast are Academy Award® nominee Emily Watson ( The Theory of Everything, Hilary and Jackie) as Marmee, the devoted mother of the four adolescent March girls; Michael Gambon ( Churchill’s Secret, Page Eight) as Mr. Laurence; and Academy Award® winner Angela Lansbury ( Murder, She Wrote, The Manchurian Candidate) as the March family matriarch, Aunt March. Set against the backdrop of a country divided, the story follows the four March sisters on their journey from childhood to adulthood while their father is away at war. Under the guidance of their mother Marmee, the girls navigate what it means to be a young woman: from gender roles to sibling rivalry, first love, loss and marriage. You can see all the episodes of Little Women now when you watch with PBS Passport, an added member benefit. Get extended access to an on-demand library of quality public television programming online with PBS Passport — find out more. Sign up to get the latest news on your favorite shows like Victoria, Sherlock and Poldark, exclusive content, video, sweepstakes and more. This is the template.
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Little women download torrent site. Little women download torrent free. Meryl Streep's comment Harvey was god is the most cringeworthy remark in film history. Not as great as I expected. I love Saoirse Ronan, so I did love her role as Jo. It reminded me a lot of her part in Lady Bird. However, I did not like the movie as a whole. I think the cast was good but at times I wasnt sure what age each girl was supposed to be. In the 1994 version, you can easily tell who is the oldest and so forth; Amy is also a child which is why she acts the way she does. In this 2019 version, I found Amys to be super annoying because I saw her to be very immature. I found it strange how she was mature all of a sudden in Europe. Emma Watson (Meg) played her role good but I didnt feel like her dream to be an actress was emphasized. You could see everyone elses talents but not Megs. In this version, you could definitely tell Jo and Laurie had a bond. It upset me when all of a sudden he falls in love with Amy but there were scenes to show them starting to connect more. Now, Jo and Friedrich had one scene where it showed them having fun together. It felt forced when all of a sudden he shows up to their house and shes "in love." Jo realized everyone is going to die eventually and it wont always be her and her sisters so she wants to be with someone. They shouldve shown more scenes with her and Friedrich to support that there was love there and not only a crush between them. I also did not like how they claim to be poor and lived in a house. At some times it sounded like their accents would come out. Their costumes were cool and looked very realistic. The scene where Timothee Chalamet confessed his love to Jo was really good. He has a good way of portraying emotion.
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